![]() ![]() ![]() 13, 14, 15, 16, 17), up to a maximum of 40 m 12 and may continue to progress several years after the end of the operation.ĭue to strong vertical and horizontal deformations, subsidence areas can be the epicentre of anthropogenic tremors (e.g. The land subsidence reached over 20 m in the long term (e.g. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the average level of exploitation was 650 m, systematically deepening by 10–15 m per year 13. The process was influenced by the dominant method of longwall system with the roof caving giving a subsidence value of approximately 0.75–2 m for one mining horizon 12, while mining often operates on many levels. Their formation proceeds about 3–6 months after the start of exploitation 10, 11. Subsidence troughs are formed and developed among heaps, excavations, mounds, embankments, or numerous landforms of discontinuous deformations (sinkholes, faults, sills, fissures). An example of such a region is the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) in southern Poland. ![]() Mining activity causes one of the most significant anthropogenic transformations of the land surface (e.g. The reconstruction method is accurate and suitable for lakes over 2 m deep, and the calculated capacity differs from the bathymetric data by 0.2%. The pond began to form in the early 1990s, and by 2019, it had reached an area of 178,226 m 2, a maximum depth of 5.8 m and a capacity of 421,173 m 3. Bathymetric data obtained in 2019 during sonar measurements on the reservoir was used to verify the calculations. Orthophoto maps and satellite scenes were also collected to determine changes in the extent of the pond from 1993 to 2019. Archival cartographic materials and DEMs from LiDAR data were used and processed in the open-source geoinformation software. at the beginning of the reservoir formation, and the land subsidence rate calculated for this area. An original method was proposed, consisting of two stages: reconstruction of the lake bottom relief based on the initial state of the area relief in 1994, i.e. An example of this type of anthropogenic lake is the Brandka Pond in Bytom. However, the problem is the high variability of these lakes, making it challenging to estimate water resources. Any form of water retention, in the face of climate change, is valuable. In the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (S Poland), their number is so high that the area is called an anthropogenic lake district. Mining activity leads to subsidence troughs and permanent changes in water relations, like the formation of anthropogenic reservoirs. ![]()
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